-
Glossary terms taken from A Handbook on Canons 573-746 and Light for My Path, the New Code of Canon Law for Religious
ABBOTT: A title given to the superior of a community of twelve or more monks.
ABSCENCE: The permission given to a religious by the major superior with the consent of the council to live apart from a house of the institute for an extended period for a just cause. An absence of more than one year can be granted in cases of sickness, the pursuit of studies or the exercise of an apostolate in the name of the institute.
ADMINISTRATION (of goods): Transactions involved in acquiring and managing temporal goods. Ordinary administration involves day to day operations which do not require special permission. Extraordinary administration involves transactions which are beyond those authorized by approved budgets and guidelines. Statutes of institutes must express limits and procedures for the authorization of extraordinary acts of administration.
AGGREGATION: A process by which an institute joins another institute with itself in an association which is spiritual, involving no juridical dependence and no sacrifice of the other institute’s autonomy.
ALIENATION (of property): The transfer of ownership of temporal goods to someone else. Property owned by public juridic persons in the Church is ecclesiastical property, and can be alienated only with the necessary authorization in order to protect the patrimony of the institute. The canons also require this authorization for any transaction which could endanger the patrimony of the juridic person.
APOSTOLIC SEE: A term, referring not only to the Sovereign Pontiff, but also to the Secretary of State, the Office for the Public Affairs of the Church, the Tribunals, Congregations, and other organs of the Roman Curia.
BONDS (sacred): The vows, promises, oaths, or consecrations by which members of institutes of consecrated life bind themselves to the observance of the evangelical counsels. Religious profession always implies public bows. Secular institutes may use a vow, oath, or consecration for assuming celibacy and vows or promises for obedience and poverty.
CESSION (of administration): A juridic act by which the administration of personal properties is turned over to another party who is willing to assume the obligation. This is effected through a document similar to the power of attorney. Religious must complete cession papers before first profession.
CHAPTER (general): The highest extraordinary authority in a religious institute. Except in very small institutes, this representative body is composed of ex officio and elected members; it functions collegially. It is charged with preserving the spiritual patrimony of the institute, renewing according to that patrimony, electing the highest superior, and dealing with the major affairs affecting all.
CLERICAL INSTITUTE: A religious or secular institute which by reason of the end intended by the founder or due to legitimate tradition is under the governance of clerics, assumes the exercise of Holy orders, and is recognized as such by Church authority.
CLOISTER: A restriction on entrance into or exit from a religious house. Minimal cloister reserves part of the house for the use of members; stricter observance is called for in monasteries ordered to the contemplative life. In monasteries of nuns which are totally ordered to the contemplative life, “papal” cloister is observed, more exactly regulating entrance into the monastery by outsiders or departure from the monastery by the nuns.
COMMON LIFE: The observance particular to religious life, by which all things are held in common, and members are dependent upon the institute for their material needs.
COMMUNITY LIFE: The term commonly used to refer to religious living together, and sharing a common life. It also may refer to the vita fraternal or communitarian spirit lived by secular institutes, or to the life in community shared by members of societies of apostolic life.
CONSECRATION (of life): The consecration to God by a “new and special title” effected through profession of the evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience in religious or secular institutes. The rite of consecration in a life of virginity is received by the candidate through the blessing of the bishop.
CONSENT (of the council): A positive vote by a majority of the councilors required in certain cases for valid action by a superior. This consent is sometimes called a deliberative vote. In contrast, “hearing the council” requires that the councilors at least be consulted before action is taken.
CONSTITUTIONS: The primary book of proper law by which an institute of consecrated life is governed. It contains the expression of the institute’s nature, end, and spirit, its way of formation, incorporation, living and governance. Constitutions are often supplemented by other collections called directories, statues, or the like.
CONSULTATIVE VOTE (of council): Non-binding decision of council.
CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE: The life of institutes which have prayer as their primary focus and which are not engaged in external apostolates or are so engaged in a very limited way. Solitude, silence, prayer and penance characterize this vocation and the Church recognizes it as having great apostolic fruitfulness.
COUNCIL: A body of advisors whose role is to assist those in governing offices. In cases designated in universal and proper law, their con-sent or counsel is necessary for the validity of acts.
COUNSELS: The evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience based on the life and the teaching of Jesus. These express three dimensions of the one attitude of Christ’s self-offering in the Paschal Mystery which those professing the counsels seek to enter more radically.
DEPARTURE: The definitive separation from an institute of consecrated life, formerly called secularization. An indult of departure (indultum discedendi) carries the dispensation from vows or other sacred bonds and the cessation of all rights and obligations flowing from incorporation.
DELEGATED POWER: Power granted to individuals by the law or by a person.
DIOCESAN BISHOP: A bishop to whom the care of a diocese has been committed. If pastoral needs call for it, he may request one or more auxiliary bishops to assist him.
DIOCESAN INSTITUTE: A religious or secular institute erected by the diocesan bishop, with approval of the Holy See, and remaining under his special care. Where law calls for the intervention of ecclesiastical authority, it is usually the diocesan bishop who is competent for diocesan institutes.
DIRECTORY: Collection of less important legislation, subject to change by the institute. (This collection can have other names, too.)
DISMISSAL: A juridic procedure by which a member’s incorporation in an institute of consecrated life is terminated on the initiative of the institute. This may be done only for the most grave causes, which are also external, imputable, and juridically proven. A decree of dismissal must be confirmed by competent ecclesiastical authority before it has effect.
DISPENSATION: A relaxation of the law, granted by competent ecclesiastical authority, e.g., as in the case of impediments which would invalidate entrance to the novitiate. Dispensation from vows follows from legitimately granted indults for departure from religious life or from decrees of dismissal.
ERECTION: The act by which an institute is officially established and recognized by competent ecclesiastical authority.
EXCLAUSTRATION: A temporary form of separation from a religious institute. The vows remain but the individual is exonerated from the obligations which cannot be observed in the new form of life; active and passive voice are lost.
EXEMPT INSTITUTE: An institute which has been removed, by the Sovereign Pontiff from the jurisdiction of the local Ordinary, and made subject to himself or some other authority. This is intended to serve the mission of the Church and the good of the institute
EXTRAORDINARY ADMINISTRATION: Activities for which superiors and officials need special permission.
HABIT: The traditional English rendering of the Latin habitus which is used in the canons on both the ecclesiastical garb of clerics and the clothing worn by religious as a sign of their consecration and a witness to poverty.
HERMIT (anchorite): A person who lives in greater seclusion from the world, in solitude, prayer and penance, in praise of God, and for the salvation of others. The law recognizes this as a form of consecrated life when the evangelical counsels are publicly professed in the hands of the diocesan bishop and lived under his guidance.
IMPEDIMENTS: Conditions which would invalidate, or make illicit, one’s admission into an institute of consecrated life. These include such things as age, a marriage bond, or another sacred bond. Dispensation from the impediment must be sought before admission.
INCARDINATION: The affiliation of a cleric to his institute, or to a diocese for service in and support from, that institute or diocese. Religious clerics are incardinated in their institute; clerical members of secular institutes are usually incardinated in their diocese.
INCORPORATION: The act by which an individual becomes a member of an institute. This is effected through the profession of the evangelical counsels. Rights and obligations according to universal and proper law follow from incorporation.
JURIDICAL PERSON: An institute or part of an institute, or a community entitled to own and administer property.
LOCAL ORDINARY: A term which besides the Roman Pontiff, diocesan bishops, and those equivalent to them in law, also includes those enjoying ordinary, executive poser, i.e., vicars general and Episcopal vicars. The term “local Ordinary” does not include major superiors of pontifical clerical religious institutes and societies who are called ordinaries for their members.
MAJOR SUPERIORS: Those who govern a whole institute, its provinces or equivalent parts, or who govern autonomous houses such as abbeys or priories, and their vicars. Abbot Primates and superiors of monastic congregations are similar to major superiors but do not have all of the same powers.
MONASTERY SUI JURIS: An independent monastery.
NOVITIATE: The period of initial formation in religious institutes. The purpose of this time is to allow both the individual and the institute to more deeply examine the candidate’s vocation to the institute, to allow an experience of the life of the institute and formation in its spirit and to evaluate the candidate’s suitability. The comparable period of time in secular institutes is simply called “initial probation.”
ORDINARY ADMINISTRATION: Activities which superiors and officials can perform on their own authority.
ORDINARY POWER: Power attached by the law to an office.
PATRIMONY (temporal): All of the goods in funds, properties, securities or any form, which belong to an institute. (Spiritual): the nature, end, spirit, and character of the institute according to the intent of the founder or foundress, and the institute’s sound traditions.
PIOUS UNION: The traditional name for an association of the faithful destined to become a religious or secular institute. This is the first step toward approbation and is within the authority of the diocesan bishop.
PONTIFICAL INSTITUTE: An institute erected by the Apostolic See or approved by it through formal decree. Such institutes have usually been diocesan for some years previously. As pontifical, the institute is immediately and exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic See in matters of internal governance and discipline.
PROBATION: The time of formation and discernment prior to formal incorporation in an institute. Initial probation in religious institutes is called novitiate; in secular institutes, the term initial probation is used. The transfer process calls for a minimum of three years probation in the new institute.
PROFESSION: The formal act by which religious assume observance of the three evangelical counsels by public vows and are thus consecrated to God through the ministry of the Church and incorporated into the institute with the consequent rights and obligations.
PROMISES: A form of sacred bond, sometimes used by secular institutes, for assuming the counsels of poverty and obedience. Promises were allowed to religious on an experimental basis but are no longer provided for in the Code. Promises are addressed to the institute or moderators; a promise made to God is, by definition, a vow.
PROPER LAW: The law of an institute of consecrated life, including as a principle code, the fundamental law or constitutions, and other collections of statutes, norms, or procedures by which the institute is governed.
PROVINCE: The name given an immediate part of a religious institute, composed of several houses under the same superior and canonically erected by legitimate authority.
PUBLIC VOW: A vow received in the name of the Church by the legitimate superior.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTE: An institute of consecrated life in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows and lead a community life in common.
RENUNCIATION: A legal act by which a religious gives up personal ownership of monies or goods, in favor of the institute or some other person or group.
SCRIS: The Sacred Congregation for Religious and Secular Institutes, the organ of the Roman Curia dealing with institutes of consecrated life. The 1985 Annurio Pontificio has dropped the word “Sacred” from the titles of Roman Congregations, suggesting a new acronym. CRIS.
SECULAR INSTITUTE: An institute of consecrated life in which Christians living in the world, seek the perfection of charity, and work for the sanctification of the world, especially from within.
SECULARIZATION: The name previously used for definitive departure of a member from a religious institute.
SEPARATION: A general term for the various forms of temporarily or permanently being removed from the life of an institute. This may take the form of transfer, exclaustration (religious only), departure or dismissal.
SOCIETIES OF APOSTOLIC LIFE: Societies similar to institutes of consecrated life, whose members, without religious vows, pursue an apostolic end and lead a community life in common. According to their own mode, they seek the perfection of charity through observance of constitutions. In some societies, the evangelical counsels are assumed by a bond prescribed in the constitutions.
SUPPRESSION: A legal act by which the existence of a house, province, or institute is terminated as a juridic entity.
SUPREME MODERATOR: The major superior or moderator who has authority in the whole institute, its provinces, houses, and members according to proper law.
TRANSFER: The canonical process by which a perpetually professed or incorporated member of one institute changes his or her membership to another institute. After a period of probation a new profession is required, except between autonomous monasteries of the same institute, or federation or confederation.
VOWS: A free and deliberate promise made to god in institutes of consecrated life, the content of these vows is the evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience, to be lived according to their constitutions. A vow is called public if received in the name of the Church by a legitimate superior; otherwise it is private.